System and method for using data and angles to automatically generate a narrative story

ABSTRACT

A system and method for automatically generating a narrative story receives data and information pertaining to a domain event. The received data and information and/or one or more derived features are then used to identify a plurality of angles for the narrative story. The plurality of angles is then filtered, for example through use of parameters that specify a focus for the narrative story, length of the narrative story, etc. Points associated with the filtered plurality of angles are then assembled and the narrative story is rendered using the filtered plurality of angles and the assembled points.

CROSS-REFERENCE AND PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/011,743, filed Feb. 1, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,396,168, which is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/738,609, filed Jan. 10, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,251,134, which is a continuation of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/779,683, filed May 13, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,355,903, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. IIS-0856058 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

Data and information pertaining to events, circumstances, and entities in various types of domains, such as sports, business and finance, crime, education, real estate, etc., is readily available. The subject invention functions to use such available data and information to automatically create narrative stories that describes domain event(s), circumstance(s) and/or entity(ies) in a comprehensible and compelling, e.g., audience customized, manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

For automatically generating a narrative story hereinafter is described in greater detail a system and method that functions to receive data and information pertaining to domain event(s), circumstance(s), and/or entity(ies), i.e., domain related data and information, use the received domain related data and information to determine one or more derived features for the domain event(s), circumstance(s), and/or entity(ies), i.e., domain related derived features, use the received domain related data and information and/or one or more domain related derived features to identify one or more angles for the narrative story, filter the plurality of angles for the narrative story, select, retrieve, assemble and order facts or points associated with the filtered plurality of angles for the narrative story, and render the narrative story using the filtered plurality of angles and the assembled points.

While the forgoing provides a general explanation of the subject invention, a better understanding of the objects, advantages, features, properties and relationships of the subject invention will be obtained from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings which set forth illustrative embodiments and which are indicative of the various ways in which the principles of the subject invention may be employed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the subject invention, reference may be had to preferred embodiments shown in the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates in block diagram form components of an exemplary network system which functions to use data and information to automatically create a narrative story;

FIG. 2 illustrates in flow chart form an exemplary process for using data and information to automatically create a narrative story;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system which functions to ingest data in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary system which functions to derive features in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary system which functions to propose angles in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary system which functions to filter angles in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2;

FIGS. 7-10 illustrate exemplary systems which function to select, retrieve, and assemble story elements in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2; and

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary system which functions to render the narrative story in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A system and method for using data and information pertaining to event(s), circumstance(s), and/or entity(ies) in a domain or domains, e.g., sports, business, financials, crime, education, medical, census, social indicators, etc., to automatically create narrative stories is hereinafter described. As shown in FIG. 1, the system and method is preferably implemented in the context of a plurality of processing devices linked via a network, such as the World Wide Web or the Internet. In this regard, a processing device 20, illustrated in the exemplary form of a computer system, is provided with executable instructions to, for example, provide a means to access data and information pertaining to one or more domain events and to create from such accessed data and information narrative stories. Generally, the computer executable instructions reside in program modules which may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing device 20 may be embodied in any device having the ability to execute instructions such as, by way of example, a personal computer, mainframe computer, personal-digital assistant (“PDA”), cellular telephone, or the like. Furthermore, while described and illustrated in the context of a single processing device 20, those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the various tasks described hereinafter may be practiced in a distributed environment having multiple processing devices 20 linked via a local or wide-area network whereby the executable instructions may be associated with and/or executed by one or more of multiple processing devices 20.

For performing the various tasks in accordance with the executable instructions, the processing device 20 preferably includes a processing unit 22 and a system memory 24 which may be linked via a bus 26. Without limitation, the bus 26 may be a memory bus, a peripheral bus, and/or a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. As needed for any particular purpose, the system memory 24 may include read only memory (ROM) 28 and/or random access memory (RAM) 30. Additional memory devices may also be made accessible to the processing device 20 by means of, for example, a hard disk drive interface 32, a magnetic disk drive interface 34, and/or an optical disk drive interface 36. As will be understood, these devices, which would be linked to the system bus 26, respectively allow for reading from and writing to a hard disk 38, reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 40, and for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 42, such as a CD/DVD ROM or other optical media. The drive interfaces and their associated computer-readable media allow for the nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures (e.g., data and information that is to be used to generate a story), program modules and other data for the processing device 20. Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that other types of computer readable media that can store data may be used for these same purposes. Examples of such media devices include, but are not limited to, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital videodisks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories, nano-drives, memory sticks, and other read/write and/or read-only memories.

A number of program modules may be stored in one or more of the memory/media devices. For example, a basic input/output system (BIOS) 44, containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the processing device 20, such as during start-up, may be stored in ROM 28. Similarly, the RAM 30, hard drive 38, and/or peripheral memory devices may be used to store computer executable instructions comprising an operating system 46, one or more applications programs 48 (such as application programs that function to create a story from domain event data and information, provide a user interface that allows a user to specify parameters for use in generating a customized, narrative story, etc.), other program modules 50, and/or program data 52. Still further, computer-executable instructions may be downloaded to one or more of the computing devices as needed, for example, via a network connection.

An end-user or operator, may enter commands (e.g., to customize narrative stories to an intended audience, etc.) and information (e.g., to key in data and/or information to be used in generating narrative stories, to indicate the logical location of that information in a network or file system, etc.) into the processing device 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 54 and/or a pointing device 56. While not illustrated, other input devices usable for these purposes may include a microphone, a joystick, a game pad, a scanner, a camera, etc. These and other input devices would typically be connected to the processing unit 22 by means of an interface 58 which, in turn, would be coupled to the bus 26. Input devices may be connected to the processor 22 using interfaces such as, for example, a parallel port, game port, firewire, or a universal serial bus (USB). To view information, a monitor 60 or other type of display device may also be connected to the bus 26 via an interface, such as a video adapter 62. In addition to the monitor 60, the processing device 20 may also include other peripheral output devices, not shown, such as speakers and printers.

The processing device 20 may also utilize logical connections to one or more remote processing devices, such as the third party data and information system server 68 having associated data repository 68A. In this regard, while the third party system server 68 has been illustrated in the exemplary form of a computer, it will be appreciated that the third party system server 68 may, like processing device 20, be any type of device having processing capabilities. Again, it will be appreciated that the third party system server 68 need not be implemented as a single device but may be implemented in a manner such that the tasks performed by the third party system server 68 are distributed to a plurality of processing devices linked through a communication network.

For performing tasks as needed, e.g., to provide domain data and/or information to processing device 20, the third party system server 68 may include many or all of the elements described above relative to the processing device 20. By way of further example, the third party system server 68 includes executable instructions for, among other things, handling database queries, providing results from database queries, handling search requests, providing search results, providing RSS feeds, etc. Communications between the processing device 20 and the third party system server 68 may be exchanged via a further processing device, such as a network router 72, that is responsible for network routing. Communications with the network router 72 may be performed via a network interface component 73. Thus, within such a networked environment, e.g., the Internet, World Wide Web, LAN, or other like type of wired or wireless network, it will be appreciated that program modules depicted relative to the processing device 20, or portions thereof, may be stored in the memory storage device(s) of the third party system server 68.

Turning now to FIG. 2, to create a narrative story from domain data and information, the processing device 20 is provided with one or more applications that function to ingest data and information (individually and collectively referred to hereinafter as “data”) 200, derive from the data one or more features 202, propose angles for the narrative story 204, filter and prioritize the angles for the narrative story 206, select event or other situational elements for inclusion in/with the narrative story 208, select historical, forward looking, or other contextual elements for inclusion in/with the narrative story 210, retrieve external elements for inclusion in/with the narrative story 212, assemble the elements for inclusion in/with the narrative story 214, and render the narrative story 216, e.g., in a given language, at a given reading level, etc. As will be described in greater detail below, the rendered, narrative story may be self-contained, i.e., all of the elements may be embedded directly within the story narrative itself, or the rendered, narrative story may include one or more elements that are provided to accompany the story narrative, e.g., elements such as video, sound, text, etc. that may be included with the story or within sidebars, footnotes, be linked to, and the like. It will also be appreciated that the story need not be rendered solely as a written story but can be rendered in selected video clips, audio clips, etc. with or without additional textual or audio commentary. Still further the story can be rendered in animation or as a graphical simulation as desired. For example, via use of the subject invention a story can be presented using animation to provide a reenactment of aspects of a domain event.

As noted above, the input to the system is data. In the exemplary case of a sporting event such as a baseball game, this input data may include event data in the form of a game box score, historical data about a team and/or player, more general game, player, team and/or league history data (such as records), and forward-looking data about games, players, teams, league schedules, etc. The input data might also include derived features produced by external sources, including expectations based on computations and/or aggregations (such as forecasts, predictions, or odds produced by betting markets). Generally, as shown in FIG. 3, applications 302 may be provided that allow the input data 304 to be pulled/scraped by the processing device 20 from an external source, such as third party system server 68, pushed to and received by the processing device 20 from an external source, such as third party system server 68, read by the processing device 20 from a storage media, such as magnetic media 40 or optical media 42, be manually provided to the processing device 20 via use of keyboard 54, scanner, microphone, etc. and the like without limitation. It is to be additionally appreciated that the domain input data that is thus ingested by the processing device 20 will typically be structured numeric and/or quasi-numeric data, i.e., the data will fall into particular fields and/or categories and will be known to relate to specific events, situations, entities, etc., or aggregations thereof. For example, in the exemplary case of a baseball game, the event data may consist of one or more of a box score, line score, and play-by-play data (play-by-play data being quasi-numeric data in that it is traditionally recorded and conveyed in telegraphic English with a small, fixed lexicon and, as such, is basically equivalent to numeric data). In general the nature/structure of such event data is pre-determined by conventions of the domain or domain experts.

Once the input data is ingested into the system, e.g., received, parsed considering the domain conventions, and stored in an XML or other data format, the system then functions to compute derived features for the input data as shown in FIG. 4.¹ In this regard, the derived features function to help determine aspects of a domain situation (e.g., events, circumstances, entities, etc.) that are likely candidates for inclusion in a story narrative, i.e., given the vast amount of data available about any given situation, the derived features function to support the capacity of the system to pick out the most critical aspects of the situation that may be desirable to include in a narrative description. Generally, the derived features of a domain situation 402 are developed based on computations and comparisons involving input data (or other derived features), describe or pertain to certain aspects of the situations, events, entities, etc., of interest, and are typically numerical or Boolean in nature. Thus, for example, derived features might include determining if the input data matches a particular pattern, has a particular kind of value (e.g., is a maximum or minimum), shows a delta (change) in a feature that is significant in some way (e.g., is above a certain threshold, significantly greater that the median change in that value over some interval etc.), crosses a particular threshold (e.g., zero, or a prior record etc.), deviates from expectations, results in a significant change in the output of a predictive model, etc. The particular derived features 402 that are to be used to help identify aspects of a domain situation that may be desirable to include in a story narrative may be selected based upon various parameters such as one or more of the domain itself (e.g., the computations and comparisons for events such as a baseball game, a football game, stock valuation, etc. may be different), a focus for the narrative story (e.g., the computations and comparisons may be selected to focus on game input data generally, on input data associated with a specific individual participating in the game, etc.), a genre for the narrative story (e.g., the computations and comparisons may be selected to focus on a season, a career, a single game, two specific games, two specific companies, etc.), a length for the story, etc. As will be appreciated, the parameters that are used to select derived features for application to a domain event may be specified to the system via use of an appropriately provided user interface, configuration files, etc. It will also be appreciated that derived features may range from the general to the specific and that derived features may be built upon other derived features. ¹ Depending upon domain, genre of story, circumstances, etc., the system may compute no derived features; or domain features may be supplied to the system from external sources.

By way of specific, non-limiting example, considering the domain of a baseball game, the derived features of interest may include, without limitation:

-   -   Game score—a measure, computed for each player, that indicates         how well he or she played (e.g., there is one measure for         hitters and one for pitchers).²     -   Win probability—an historically-based estimate that determines,         given the state of the game, the probability that each team will         win (primarily focusing on the delta, i.e., change, in win         probability produced by each play in the game since this is an         indicator of the importance of that play, e.g., a play which         produces a large delta, particularly one that shifts which team         is predicted to win, is likely an important play in the game).³     -   Leverage index—a measure of how much impact a play might have         had on the game (leverage index is useful to detect possible         missed opportunities in the game, e.g., a situation in which a         number of men are on base and the batter strikes out ending the         inning, that can delineate and/or explain not only what did         happen or what is the case, but what might have happened or been         the case and didn't or wasn't). ² Game score was developed by         sports statistician Bill James.³ Win probability and leverage         index were developed by the sports statistician Tom Tango.         While the foregoing describes well-known, exemplary derived         features for use in connection with a baseball game, it is to be         appreciated that the nature of the derived features of interest         will depend upon the kind(s) of entities, events, and/or         situations that the story narrative is about as well as the kind         of narrative that is desired, e.g., the story parameters         specified to the system. Accordingly, each domain will have its         own set of derived features, using data relevant to the given         domain, and computing values that make sense in the domain. To         this end, the system may use well-known derived features         currently used by analysts of a particular domain and/or may use         derived features that are developed for any future needs.

Returning to the specific example of baseball, as described above win probability is the expected likelihood, for each team, that it will win the game given the current state of the game. What the systems actually uses as a derived feature however is delta or change in win probability over some interval (e.g., a single play). In other words, a play in which there is a big change in the expectation that a given team will win—most dramatically, a change from being expected to win to being expected to lose or vice versa—is an important play. Such plays are “turning points” in the game. They should be included in the narrative of the game and their role in the outcome should be made clear whether explicitly or implicitly.

More generally, in most if not all sports domains, there will be an analog of win probability that can be used by the system in this way. Applied to each state of the play (however that is determined or defined in the given sports), these analogs will compute the expected likelihood of one or another contestant emerging victorious in the event. Intervals over which these expectations change dramatically, particularly short intervals, are going to be “turning points” in the event, and the events that take place during those intervals should be included in the narrative.

Even more generally, in most data-rich domains it is possible to compute derived features expressing the expected likelihood of a variety of outcomes. To the extent that a given class of outcomes is in the focus of a narrative the system is writing—which may be itself determined by the interests of the audience or the genre of the narrative—a derived feature that computes an expected likelihood of a particular outcome in that class will be useful in just the same way as win probability. That is, a large change in the value of that expected likelihood over a given interval, particularly a relatively short interval, signifies that the events that took place in that interval were important and should therefore be included in a narrative description of the overall situation. Hence, in general the system can use features that express the expected likelihood of various outcomes—more specifically, the presence of large changes in the expected likelihood of a given set of outcomes over a given interval or event—to help determine the aspects of a situation involving those outcomes which should be included in a narrative account of that situation.

There are, as previously described, other classes of derived features (besides those which track changes in the likelihood of expected outcomes) that can similarly be used to help determine which aspects of a situation should be included in a narrative. For example, in the domain of baseball, leverage index computes the possible impact of a play in a baseball game and can thus be used to detect not only when important things happen but when they could have happened but didn't, i.e., missed opportunities. These again are situations which should likely be included in a narrative describing the game. The system thus uses leverage index to help select plays which should be included in narratives describing baseball games. More generally, other sporting events, and other domains altogether, will also possess derived features or metrics which indicate the potential for action or change in a given state of affairs whether or not a change actually occurs. The system can thus use such derived features or metrics to help determine aspects of a situation which should be included in a narrative about that situation.

To take yet another example, in many cases crossing a threshold—as determined using an appropriate derived feature—indicates an interesting event which may be desirable to include in a narrative story. For instance, in business, crossing from loss to profit is an important change in circumstances, certain aspects of which—when it occurred, the magnitude of the change, etc.—it may be desirable to include in a narrative about a given business over a given interval of time. Similarly, surpassing a personal, team, or league record in a given sport indicates an important event the details of which (who, when, etc.) may be included in a narrative story about a situation involving that record-breaking performance. Thus, in the various domains, the system can use specific derived features of this nature in the generation of narrative stories in that domain.

Similarly, any feature the value of which deviates significantly from prior expectation, whether the source of that expectation is due to a local computation or from an external source, is interesting by virtue of that deviation from expectation and, when such deviation is discerned by an appropriate derived feature, may be desirable to include in a narrative story about the situation to which that feature pertains. For example, in business, the feature may be profits per share in a given quarter, and the prior expectation may simply be the median forecast for those profits from industry analysts. In sports, the feature may be whether a given horse wins, places, or shows in a race, and the prior expectation may simply be the odds of those outcomes in betting markets. Still further, big deltas in the values of most features, occurring in relatively short periods of time (where the size of the change and the length of the period of time over which it occurs may be specified explicitly or may be empirically determined based on prior data), are probably interesting and indicate aspects of the situation that should likely be described in a narrative story about the situation or entity to which the feature pertains—for example, in describing the stock price of a given company. Thus, it will be understood that the nature of the derived features may consider, without limitation, big deltas (changes) in input data or in other derived features over time, space, or some other independent variable; particular “regions” in which these changes are especially pronounced; relationships to thresholds (particularly crossing them in either direction); extremes (both maxima and minima in the current context as well as relation to historical extremes); outliers in general; comparison and/or contrast between data items (e.g., population growth in two adjacent towns over some period of time); comparisons with and particularly deviations from expectations; comparisons with prior history both individual and aggregated; computations of predicted outcomes or trends based on current circumstances and deviations from or changes in these predictions over time; inflection points; etc.

Finally, just as derived features function to support the capacity of the system to pick out the most critical aspects of the situation that may be desirable to include in a narrative description, they may be used to determine whether it is desirable to write a narrative description of the situation in the first place. For example, crossing a threshold which is a prior record is a notable occurrence in many domains (sports, business, etc.) and when that occurs it will be useful to generate a narrative about the circumstances in which it has taken place. Thus the system can use features like this to determine that it should generate an appropriate narrative story.

Once the system has used the received data and information and/or one or more derived features to identify one or more features within the data, or aspects of the situation to which those features pertain, that may be important for inclusion within the narrative story, the system, as illustrated in FIG. 5, then functions to use a library of angles, with associated angle conditions and angle relations, 502 to determine one or more potentially relevant angles for the story. In this regard, angles are higher-level explanatory or narrative structures or models of a thematic nature that provide overall coherence and structure to the narrative. An angle is an abstract, high-level pattern of events, circumstances, and entities, and their features, not tied to any specific text or language, and often applicable to multiple domains. Angles are overarching structures that connect the specific facts of the situations, events, or entities described in the narrative being constructed, highlighting certain specific facts while subordinating others, and providing an overall account and characterization of or way to view those specific facts.

For example, if the domain is baseball, the situation is a game, and the selected genre is a game story or “recap,” then applicable angles can include models of game action as a whole, as well as of the performance of individual players or aggregate entities, such as “come-from-behind victory,” “back-and-forth horserace,” “rout,” “holding-off a late surge by the opposing team,” “heroic individual performance,” “strong team effort,” etc. Such angles may be combined for example to produce a compound narrative model such as “come-from-behind victory due to an heroic individual performance.” If on the other hand the domain were still baseball, but the selected entity of interest were an individual player, and the selected nature or genre of the narrative story concerned a player over a series of games in a season, then the applicable angles might be “steady improvement” or “came out of a slump.” Still further, it the domain were again baseball, the selected entity were still an individual player, but the selected genre of the narrative story now concerned lifetime career, the potentially relevant angles might be “consistent player,” “had late comeback,” “burned out early,” etc. It is therefore to be understood that angles may be relatively abstract and potentially applicable to a variety of sports or games or even to other domains entirely, e.g., “come-from-behind victory” is applicable in a wide variety of competitive situations while “beat expectations” is applicable in almost any domain involving change over time, or they may be applicable only in the specific domain at hand, e.g., “pitcher's duel” or “walk-off win” are applicable only to baseball.⁴ In addition, angles may be grouped in hierarchical clusters, e.g., there are different kinds of “blowout” games. ⁴ Although a “pitcher's duel” is itself an instance of a more abstract angle, namely, a competitive situation that is dominated by defensive as opposed to offensive action.

The conditions of applicability for the potentially relevant angles are evaluated in terms of the input domain data and/or the derived features, resulting in a set of proposed or candidate angles for the narrative being constructed. The nature of the angles that may be potentially relevant to and considered for utilization in describing a given situation, event, entity, etc., will therefore depend on the domain, the nature of the particular situation, event, or entity, as well as the nature or genre of the narrative story which is being constructed, as illustrated above. Furthermore, it will be understood that a given narrative story may incorporate one or more angles and that angles may be conflicting or mutually exclusive (i.e., either one characterization or the other will be applied at a given time in a given narrative story, but not both) or they may be potentially complementary. More particularly, angles are represented computationally as explicit, abstract data structures with associated procedures, including procedures which are used in the rendering process to produce the final narrative story. Angles have conditions of applicability in terms of the derived features and/or the initial (input) data of the situations, events, entities, etc., to which they may be applied. For example, the conditions of applicability of “an heroic individual effort that comes to naught” in baseball (or, suitably generalized, in other domains) are characterized by exceptional performance (either compared with aggregated historical expectations embodied in a derived feature such as game score, or in terms of more specific expectations around the performance of the individual in question) coupled with the loss of the game by that individual's team.

Once the various angles that may be applicable to the story have been determined from the event data and derived features (as well as any specified parameters of interest, such as an entity of focus, nature or genre of the narrative story, etc.), the system then functions to determine, using various angle related information 602 as shown in FIG. 6, which of those angles may be best used in creating the narrative story. To this end, each angle is provided with an importance value (e.g., scaled from 1-10) which is either fixed or a function of the input data and derived features that were used to determine its applicability. These importance values expresses how important or interesting the given angles may be in constructing a given narrative and are used to determine which angle(s) will be preferred among a set of mutually exclusive angles, i.e., are used to filter the angles, as well as to help determine the order/hierarchy in which the filtered angles will be presented in the overall narrative story. Because the conditions of applicability of different angles may refer to entirely different input data and/or derived features, which may be measured or expressed in terms of entirely different scales, some care should be taken to “normalize” these disparate scales in calculating the importance values of angles that depend upon data or features expressed therein.

The determination of how to handle potentially conflicting angles depends on the exact nature or genre of the narrative story to be constructed. A straightforward game story, for example, may simply choose one of these angles to utilize. A more complex version of this genre might include, in cases where conditions of angle applicability were nearly equal, or importance values were close, multiple angles, connected in a larger narrative story structure that expresses the ambiguity of the situation, e.g., “it might be called an X, but in the end it was a Y” where “X” and “Y” are terms or expressions that explicitly “give voice” to the angles in question. Angles may also be applied from different temporal, individual, etc. points of view, for example, only in retrospect after a game is completed, or alternatively from a number of temporal viewpoints during the game, thus resulting in more complex narratives such as “It looked like it was going to be a rout by the seventh inning, but the Wildcats came back and nearly won in the ninth inning”

As now shown in FIGS. 7-10, once the angles have been determined and ordered, they are explicitly and directly connected to the specific facts or aspects of the events, situations, entities, etc., which support them and to which they pertain, i.e., which they connect, organize, characterize, and render coherent. These specific facts or aspects of the domain situation are called points. Points may be either individual elements of the situation (e.g., an individual play such as a specific hit, or the change in stock price of an individual company on a given day) or they may be aggregations of those elements (e.g., a string of hits in an inning, or revenue growth in an industry over a series of quarters). In keeping with the non-limiting example, in baseball game stories, the points are the specific game events, circumstances, and entities of interest, i.e., the plays and players which participate in the chosen angles. These facts are characterized or expressed in terms of the input data that were used to determine the applicability and importance of the angle, either directly or through a derived feature. For example, if the selected, applicable angle is “holding-off a late surge by the opposing team,” then there must be, late in the game, a high-leverage index play that did not come to fruition and actually change the outcome, but might have. This is the condition of applicability (or part of it) of this angle, and the specific play, as indicated by the input data that gave rise to and supports the derived feature corresponding to this condition of applicability for the angle, would therefore be the point to which the angle pertains (and which it characterizes), and to which it is therefore to be connected. Thus, it will be understood that the connection between points and angles may be established directly in the course of determining the applicability (or lack thereof) of the angle. That is, in the course of computing (i.e., determining) whether or not the angle is applicable, certain domain facts (or data pertaining to those facts) will be utilized as input to that determination, either directly or indirectly as input to derived features which are themselves utilized as input to that determination. The specific domain facts (or data pertaining to those facts) which, taken as input either directly or indirectly, lead to the determination that the angle is applicable are the points (facts) that will then be connected to the angle.

In further cases the applicability of angles may be determined through use of computations that do not directly establish a connection to the relevant underlying facts. In these instances, a method is used to establish the connection between an angle and the relevant point(s). For example, if game score is used to determine the best player in a game, then it may be necessary to go back and establish exactly what it is that a player did that was exemplary for inclusion in the narrative. In this instance, that can be accomplished by attaching a description, for example in the form of a procedure, to a “strongest player” angle containing an explicit listing of kinds of “good” baseball actions, in order of importance or “goodness.” This information can then be used to guide identification of specific instances of those actions for inclusion with the angle when presented in the narrative story.

Whether the connection between angles and the points to which they pertain (or equivalently, points and the angles which characterize them) is established directly or through some additional procedure, it will be understood that the determination of which angles will apply to the narrative under construction also serves to determine the points which will be included in that narrative. In other words, angles, like derived features, help to determine the aspects of the domain situation (e.g., events, circumstances, entities, etc.) that are likely candidates for inclusion in a story narrative, i.e., given the vast amount of data available about any given situation, the determined angles function to support the capacity of the system to pick out the most critical aspects of the situation that may be desirable to include in a narrative description.

Once angles and points have been linked, another source of potential conflict between angles exists, namely, among angles that link to the same points. In this case importance values may again be used to determine preference and order. If all of the points pertaining to an angle are subsumed in another angle of higher importance, that angle may be eliminated. Alternatively, the angle may be generated in a somewhat truncated form, since many of the points to which it pertains will already have been generated and expressed in the narrative story in conveying the more important angles in the narrative story.

Still further, points may be mandated for inclusion in a narrative story not only because they are relevant to an important angle, but simply due to the nature of the particular narrative genre at hand (i.e., they are narrative conventions). For example, in a baseball game story, it is always necessary to discuss the pitching and how well the starting pitcher did. If the relevant points are not subsumed in an applicable angle, they must nevertheless be related somewhere in the story (typically, on account of their less central status, towards the end). Similarly, points not previously expressed in relation to angles but that are nevertheless noteworthy in some general sense—typically because they express outliers in terms of historical expectations (innings with lots of hits, for example) including recent circumstances (e.g., involve a player who hasn't played recently, or perhaps ever, for the given team)—will also be added to the story.

Points may also be mandated for inclusion because of narrative conventions related to audience expectations or interests, for example of a personalized or localized nature. For instance, points involving home team players, or even those involving specific players, may be preferentially included, on account of audience interest in those players.

In addition to the angle- or genre-relevant points, the system may also utilize the angles, selected story focus, genre of story, narrative conventions, etc. to specify and locate additional relevant material that is to be presented in and/or with the narrative story that is to be created. In some cases the specific information that meets the appropriate criteria may be sought in local or remote databases. For example, in describing a point involving a pitcher, it will be relevant to insert information about his or her record so far in the season, or against the particular opposing team, if available. Similarly, in describing a point involving a home run by a player, it may be useful to mention how many home runs they've hit this season, or how many more they need to hit for a team or league record. Alternatively, in business stories, in describing a point involving the CEO of a company, it may be useful to mention the CEO's age. These opportunities to insert specific types of relevant additional information are associated with particular entities or points and the constraints on information that might usefully be inserted are determined jointly by narrative convention, the specific point, and the nature of the additional relevant data that might be available.

The system may also be programmed to search the Internet for information that pertains to a person who has been identified as being important to a given angle, e.g., where they went to high school or college, career accomplishments, video clips (showing a play or the person), sound bites, pictures, quotes, etc., or that pertains to a particular event that has been identified as important, e.g., quotes about that event from the people involved. These opportunities to insert relevant additional information may also determined by narrative conventions. In order to fulfill these sorts of opportunities, the system is able to automatically formulate queries to the web or other structured and unstructured data sources, looking for text or other information that meets the specific appropriate requirements indicated by the angle and the specific point. These additional information items or elements, once located, may be woven into a given angle and/or may be presented with the narrative story in footnotes, sidebars, etc. or be linked to. Queries may also be generated to search for relevant textual comments from social media sites and systems, including blogs and twitter; and location information (if available) and time stamps may be used to correlate comments from onlookers with particular points in the story being generated.

Once all relevant angles, points, additional information elements, etc. have been identified, selected, assembled, and ordered, no further decision-making is required with respect to what to say, but only with respect to how to say it. To this end, the system utilizes one or more writers 1102 that function, as shown in FIG. 11, to receive XML or other data representations of the story, e.g., each angle, point, and/or additional information item to be included in or with the story, to look up the appropriate data models, and to generate the final narrative story in natural language. This is done in a relatively standard way by traversing the representations recursively, and invoking phrasal generation routines associated with particular types of data (angles, points, etc.) in the representations. These routines output and assemble actual phrases or words of English or any other natural language to convey the meaning of the underlying representation. To provide variability to the narrative stories, the angles, points, and additional information items that are used to construct the narrative story can be described using different phrases or words. Narrative stories can also be rendered from different points of view by providing alternative phrasings for the relevant angles; for example, a “come from behind victory” for one team is a “heartbreaking last-minute defeat” for the opposing team.⁵ Additionally, angles can be written in varying forms representative of their position within the narrative story, e.g., an angle can be written as story lead and as a lower paragraph one of which will be used according to the importance of the angle within the narrative story. The writer also functions to insert point references into the narrative story angles as appropriate and locate the additional information elements as required. As noted previously, the writer may also be used to provide the angles/narrative story in an appropriate language, at a given reading level, etc. Note additionally that the underlying representation could also be used to drive queries against a database of annotated video segments from the game, and thus used to assemble a “game highlights” video along with commentary. Alternatively, the representation could even be used to drive a graphical simulation, resulting in a “re-enactment” of the game by simulated characters. ⁵ Point of view can also be taken into account by utilizing multiple related instances of the same underlying angle, each representing that angle from a different point of view.

While various concepts have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those concepts could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. For example, while the described system allows a story constructor to define the parameters that are to be used to customize a narrative story for a given audience, it will be appreciated that the focus of the narrative story can be automatically determined as a function of the derived features that result from the domain input event data. Further, while various aspects of this invention have been described in the context of functional modules and illustrated using block diagram format, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise stated to the contrary, one or more of the described functions and/or features may be integrated in a single physical device and/or a software module, or one or more functions and/or features may be implemented in separate physical devices or software modules. It will also be appreciated that a detailed discussion of the actual implementation of each module is not necessary for an enabling understanding of the invention. Rather, the actual implementation of such modules would be well within the routine skill of an engineer, given the disclosure herein of the attributes, functionality, and inter-relationship of the various functional modules in the system. Therefore, a person skilled in the art, applying ordinary skill, will be able to practice the invention set forth in the claims without undue experimentation. It will be additionally appreciated that the particular concepts disclosed herein are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the invention which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims and any equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for automatically generating a narrative story about a data set, the narrative story comprising text arranged in a narrative format, the apparatus comprising: a memory in which a plurality of angle data structures are stored, each of a plurality of the angle data structures being representative of a characterization of data and having an associated applicability condition, the associated applicability condition for testing against data within or derived from the data set to support a determination as to whether the associated angle is an accurate characterization of the data set; and a processor in cooperation with the memory, the processor configured to: test data against a plurality of the applicability conditions for a plurality of the angle data structures in the memory, wherein the tested data comprises at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set; in response to the tests, select an angle data structure that accurately characterizes the data set; and automatically render the narrative story text for display using the selected angle data structure and at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set such that the rendered narrative story text describes the data set in accordance with the characterization represented by the selected angle data structure.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the data set comprises structured data.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the structured data comprises at least one member of the group consisting of numbers and characters that pertain to at least one member of the group consisting of an event, situation, and entity.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the memory is further configured to store a plurality of phrasal generation routines, wherein each of a plurality of the angle data structures is associated with a phrasal generation routine from among the plurality of phrasal generation routines; and wherein the processor is further configured to render the narrative story text for display based on an invocation of the phrasal generation routine associated with the selected angle data structure.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein each of a plurality of the angle data structures comprise a plurality of points that support the characterization represented by that angle data structure; and wherein the processor is further configured to (1) select and assemble a plurality of elements of the data set to create an element list data structure that connects the selected elements to the points of the selected angle data structure, and (2) render the narrative story text for display based on an application of the selected elements from the element list data structure to the invoked phrasal generation routine to thereby output and assemble a plurality of phrases in a natural language that describe the data set based on the points that support the characterization represented by the selected angle data structure.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein each of a plurality of the angle data structures is associated with an importance value; and wherein the processor is further configured to (1) based on the tests, select a plurality of the angle data structures that accurately characterize the data set, (2) determine an order for an expression of the characterizations represented by the selected angle data structures within the narrative story based on the importance values associated with the selected angle data structures, (3) perform the element selection for each of the selected angle data structures to generate a plurality of the element list data structures, (4) generate an angle list data structure that represents the ordered angle data structures, (5) assemble the elements of the element list data structures based on the angle list data structure to generate an ordered element list data structure, and (6) render the narrative story text for display based on the ordered element list data structure and an application of the elements from the ordered element list data structure to the invoked phrasal generation routine to thereby output and assemble a plurality of phrases in a natural language that describe the data set based on the points that support the characterization represented by the selected angle data structures.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the processor is further configured to render the narrative story text for display based on a recursive traversal of the ordered element list data structure and an application of the recursively traversed elements from the ordered element list data structure to the invoked phrasal generation routine to thereby output and assemble a plurality of phrases in a natural language that describe the data set based on the points that support the characterization represented by the selected angle data structures.
 8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the processor is further configured to (1) filter the determined angle data structures based at least in part on the importance values associated with the determined angle data structures to yield a set of filtered angle data structures, and (2) perform the order determination with respect to the filtered angle data structures.
 9. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the angle data structures do not themselves comprise any specific text for the narrative story.
 10. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein each of a plurality of the angle data structures in the memory is associated with a domain, and wherein the processor is further configured to select the angle data structure that accurately characterizes the data set based at least in part on which of the angle data structures are associated with a domain attributable to the data set.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the processor is further configured to (1) determine a parameter for the narrative story, the parameter comprising at least one member of the group consisting of (i) a focus for the narrative story, (ii) a genre for the narrative story, (iii) a length of the narrative story, and (iv) a point of view for the narrative story, and (2) select the angle data structure that accurately characterizes the data set based at least in part on the determined parameter.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the processor is further configured to determine the parameter in response to a member of the group consisting of (1) user input via a user interface, and (2) a read of a configuration file, the configuration file comprising the parameter.
 13. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the tests result in determination that a plurality of the angle data structures are candidate angle data structures that accurately characterize of the data set, and wherein the processor is further configured to filter the candidate angle data structures to select at least one of the candidate angle data structures for use to render the narrative story text.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein each of a plurality of the candidate angle data structures is further associated with an importance value, and wherein the processor is further configured to filter the candidate angle data structures based at least in part on the importance values associated with the candidate angle data structures.
 15. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the tests result in determination that a plurality of the angle data structures accurately characterize of the data set, and wherein the processor is further configured to (1) prioritize the plurality of determined angle data structures, and (2) automatically render the narrative story text for display such that the generated text describes the at least one member of the group consisting of the event, situation, and entity in accordance with the prioritization of those determined angle data structures.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein each of a plurality of the determined angle data structures is further associated with an importance value, and wherein the processor is further configured to prioritize the plurality of determined angle data structures based at least in part on their associated importance values.
 17. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the processor is further configured to (1) compute a derived feature from at least a portion of the data set, and (2) test at least one of applicability conditions against the computed derived feature in order to determine whether an angle data structure accurately characterizes the data set.
 18. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the data set comprises a plurality of data elements, and wherein the processor is further configured to (1) identify one or more of the data elements that are to be included within the narrative story based at least in part on the selected angle data structure, and (2) automatically render the narrative story text for display using the selected angle data structure and the one or more identified data elements.
 19. A computer program product for automatically generating a narrative story about a data set, the narrative story comprising text arranged in a narrative format, the computer program product comprising: a plurality of computer executable instructions resident on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the instructions, when executed by a computing device, configured to cause the computing device to: access a plurality of angle data structures in a memory, each of a plurality of the angle data structures being representative of a characterization of data and having an associated applicability condition, the associated applicability condition for testing against data within or derived from the data set to support a determination as to whether the associated angle is an accurate characterization of the data set; test data against a plurality of the applicability conditions for a plurality of the angle data structures in the memory, wherein the tested data comprises at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set; in response to the tests, select an angle data structure that accurately characterizes the data set; and automatically render the narrative story text for display using the selected angle data structure and at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set such that the rendered narrative story text describes the data set in accordance with the characterization represented by the selected angle data structure.
 20. A method for automatically generating a narrative story about a data set a, the narrative story comprising text arranged in a narrative format, the method comprising: accessing, by a processor, a plurality of angle data structures in a memory, each of a plurality of the angle data structures being representative of a characterization of data and having an associated applicability condition, the associated applicability condition for testing against data within or derived from the data set to support a determination as to whether the associated angle is an accurate characterization of the data set; the processor testing data against a plurality of the applicability conditions for a plurality of the angle data structures in the memory, wherein the tested data comprises at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set; in response to the tests, the processor selecting an angle data structure that accurately characterizes the data set; and automatically rendering the narrative story text for display using the selected angle data structure and at least one member of the group consisting of (1) data within the data set, and (2) data derived from the data set such that the rendered narrative story text describes the data set in accordance with the characterization represented by the selected angle data structure. 